摘要：
Sepiolite (SEP), a naturally abundant and environmentally friendly clay mineral, possesses various active sites and a large specific surface area. In this work, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was activated to remove tetracycline (TC) using modified Sepiolite (MSEP), which was synthesized by ball milling and calcination techniques. According to the findings, MSEP efficiently stimulated PMS to produce 1 O 2 and ·OH radicals for the degradation of TC, with 1 O 2 being a key component of this process. The findings demonstrated that the carbonate on the MSEP surface encouraged the production of singlet oxygen. ( 1 O 2 ). Under the conditions of pH 6.5, 0.2 g/L MSEP, 2 mmol/L PMS and 25 °C, a 10 mg/L TC concentration was reduced by 93.3 % after 30 min. The presence of Cl − and NO 3 − did not inhibit TC degradation, while HCO 3 − promoted it, and H 2 PO 4 − exhibited an inhibitory effect. This work offers a novel method for using clay minerals to activate PMS and degrade organic contaminant without secondary pollution.
Sepiolite (SEP), a naturally abundant and environmentally friendly clay mineral, possesses various active sites and a large specific surface area. In this work, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was activated to remove tetracycline (TC) using modified Sepiolite (MSEP), which was synthesized by ball milling and calcination techniques. According to the findings, MSEP efficiently stimulated PMS to produce 1 O 2 and ·OH radicals for the degradation of TC, with 1 O 2 being a key component of this process. The findings demonstrated that the carbonate on the MSEP surface encouraged the production of singlet oxygen. ( 1 O 2 ). Under the conditions of pH 6.5, 0.2 g/L MSEP, 2 mmol/L PMS and 25 °C, a 10 mg/L TC concentration was reduced by 93.3 % after 30 min. The presence of Cl − and NO 3 − did not inhibit TC degradation, while HCO 3 − promoted it, and H 2 PO 4 − exhibited an inhibitory effect. This work offers a novel method for using clay minerals to activate PMS and degrade organic contaminant without secondary pollution.
作者：
Liu, S.;Xiang, X. N.;Chen, W. N.;Li, T.;Guo, J.;...
期刊：
Applied Ecology and Environmental Research,2025年 ISSN：1589-1623
通讯作者：
Xiang, XN
作者机构：
[Xiang, X. N.; Wang, X. X.; He, C. H.; Li, T.; Liu, J. X.; Chen, W. N.; Xiang, Y. J.; Guo, J.; Liu, S.] Hunan City Univ, Sch Municipal & Geomat Engn, Yiyang 413000, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Xiang, XN ] H;Hunan City Univ, Sch Municipal & Geomat Engn, Yiyang 413000, Peoples R China.
关键词：
AEE;AGSD;coupling coordination degree;DEA-SBM-ML;agricultural agglomeration areas
摘要：
This study explores the coupling relationship between AEE (Agricultural Energy Efficiency) 2011 to 2021. A carbon emission model and the super-efficiency DEA-SBM-ML (Date Envelopment Analysis - Slacks Based Measure - Malumquist-Luenberger) method are used to measure AEE, while an AGSD system is built with hybrid weighting. A coupling coordination model was used to analyze the AEEAGSD coordination. The research conclusions are as follows: (1) AEE in China's agricultural agglomeration areas shows a stable improvement; however, Gansu and Yunnan lagged. (2) The comprehensive AGSD scores exhibit a significant upward trend, although provinces like Xinjiang and Heilongjiang remain at relatively low levels. (3) Both the AEE and AGSD coupling coordination scores show an average increase of 8.11%. The coupling coordination score in the southern areas exceeds that of the northern areas by 4.98%. There is a substantial variation in the coupling coordination degrees, with most provinces achieving a good level; while Gansu stayed at barely level, urging agricultural model optimization. This study expands cross-disciplinary research on energy and ecosystems, providing theoretical support for coordinated agricultural modernization and green sustainability in China, as well as empirical insights for other regions worldwide.
摘要：
Pb contamination is a serious environmental concern, posing significant threats to ecosystems and human health. Biochar-based functional materials have attracted considerable attention owing to their great potential for practical application. In this study, a novel N-functionalized tourmaline-biochar composite (TNBC) from pomelo peels with co-modifications using urea and tourmaline was developed. The immobilization of Pb in solution and soil by TNBC was investigated, and influencing factors and mechanisms were also analyzed. The experimental maximum adsorption capacity of Pb 2+ on TNBC was 600.60 mg/g. Analysis of morphologies and surface functional groups revealed that precipitation regulated Pb 2+ adsorption on TNBC, followed by cation exchange, complexation, and metal-π interaction. The effect of co-existing cations in the solution on adsorption was marginal. Correlation analysis disclosed that enriched plenty of minerals and N-functional groups on TNBC surface were the main reasons for improving Pb 2+ adsorption on TNBC compared with pristine biochar. Moreover, TNBC exhibited potential for soil remediation and could be an alternative amendment for Pb contamination. The TNBC increased the pH, electroconductivity, and residual Pb content of the polluted soil; therefore, it can ameliorate the effects of Pb contamination in the soil. This study provides an alternative viewpoint on developing functionalized biochar composites for soil remediation.
Pb contamination is a serious environmental concern, posing significant threats to ecosystems and human health. Biochar-based functional materials have attracted considerable attention owing to their great potential for practical application. In this study, a novel N-functionalized tourmaline-biochar composite (TNBC) from pomelo peels with co-modifications using urea and tourmaline was developed. The immobilization of Pb in solution and soil by TNBC was investigated, and influencing factors and mechanisms were also analyzed. The experimental maximum adsorption capacity of Pb 2+ on TNBC was 600.60 mg/g. Analysis of morphologies and surface functional groups revealed that precipitation regulated Pb 2+ adsorption on TNBC, followed by cation exchange, complexation, and metal-π interaction. The effect of co-existing cations in the solution on adsorption was marginal. Correlation analysis disclosed that enriched plenty of minerals and N-functional groups on TNBC surface were the main reasons for improving Pb 2+ adsorption on TNBC compared with pristine biochar. Moreover, TNBC exhibited potential for soil remediation and could be an alternative amendment for Pb contamination. The TNBC increased the pH, electroconductivity, and residual Pb content of the polluted soil; therefore, it can ameliorate the effects of Pb contamination in the soil. This study provides an alternative viewpoint on developing functionalized biochar composites for soil remediation.
摘要：
At present, dynamic data stream classification has achieved many successful results through concept drift detection and ensemble learning. However, generally, due to delay in concept drift detection, the active classifier may further learn data belonging to a new concept. This will ultimately degrade the generalization capability of this active classifier on its corresponding concept. Thus, how can a classifier corresponding to one concept unlearns the learned data belonging to another concept? Two unlearning algorithms are proposed to address this problem. The first one based on the passive-aggressive (PA) algorithm adopts the least squares method to reversely update the already-trained model, achieving the effect of approximately unlearning, while another based on a modified PA algorithm achieves complete unlearning by modifying the loss function of the PA algorithm. The comprehensive experiments illustrated the effectiveness of these proposed methods.
摘要：
Biochar and its modified products have received much attention in the adsorption treatment of heavy metal wastes, but there has been great potential for improvement in efficiency and cost. In this study, nitrogen-containing lotus leaves taken from lotus root harvests were pyrolyzed and modified by the silicon from industrial by-product micro-silicon powder, and then the Si-modified and nitrogen self-doped lotus leaf biochar (Si@N-BC) was prepared as an efficient material for the adsorption of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ in aqueous solution. The results demonstrated that the adsorption performance of Si@N-BC was significantly enhanced than the pristine biochar, and the maximum adsorption capacities of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ were estimated based on the Langmuir model to be 363.60 mg/g and 56.04 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetic experiment indicated that the adsorption reaction was dominated by chemisorption. Moreover, the high performance of Si@N-BC is not only related to ion exchange and surface precipitation, but also the complexation reactions between oxygen-containing functional groups, nitrogen-containing functional groups, and silicon-containing functional groups. In conclusion, Si@N-BC is a novel and promising adsorbent that is conducive to the resourceful utilization of lotus leaf and micro-silicon powder, and its multiple functional groups can work together to achieve efficient removal of heavy metals from water.
Biochar and its modified products have received much attention in the adsorption treatment of heavy metal wastes, but there has been great potential for improvement in efficiency and cost. In this study, nitrogen-containing lotus leaves taken from lotus root harvests were pyrolyzed and modified by the silicon from industrial by-product micro-silicon powder, and then the Si-modified and nitrogen self-doped lotus leaf biochar (Si@N-BC) was prepared as an efficient material for the adsorption of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ in aqueous solution. The results demonstrated that the adsorption performance of Si@N-BC was significantly enhanced than the pristine biochar, and the maximum adsorption capacities of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ were estimated based on the Langmuir model to be 363.60 mg/g and 56.04 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetic experiment indicated that the adsorption reaction was dominated by chemisorption. Moreover, the high performance of Si@N-BC is not only related to ion exchange and surface precipitation, but also the complexation reactions between oxygen-containing functional groups, nitrogen-containing functional groups, and silicon-containing functional groups. In conclusion, Si@N-BC is a novel and promising adsorbent that is conducive to the resourceful utilization of lotus leaf and micro-silicon powder, and its multiple functional groups can work together to achieve efficient removal of heavy metals from water.
摘要：
Developing efficient strategies for the removal of organic dyes from aqueous systems remains crucial for environmental remediation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly UiO-66, show exceptional promise as adsorbents; however, they suffer from limited dye uptake capacity. This study addresses this limitation through strategic hybridization of UiO-66 with renewable carbohydrates (glucose and fructose), achieving enhanced performance while reducing costs. The optimized glucose/UiO-66 and fructose/UiO-66 composites demonstrated superior adsorption capacities compared to pristine UiO-66 across multiple dyes: methylene blue (76/69 mg/g), malachite green (73/67 mg/g), rhodamine B (50/59 mg/g), methyl orange (81/169 mg/g), and Congo red (99/198 mg/g). Adsorption efficiency correlated with dye molecular dimensions and the composite's phenolic hydroxyl content. Kinetic analysis revealed pseudo-second-order adsorption behavior dominated by chemisorption via electrostatic and π–π interactions. Notably, fructose-modified composites exhibited exceptional performance for anionic dyes (methyl orange and Congo red), suggesting charge-selective adsorption mechanisms. This work establishes carbohydrate-MOF hybridization as an effective strategy for designing multifunctional adsorbents, providing fundamental insights into structure-performance relationships for environmental applications.
Developing efficient strategies for the removal of organic dyes from aqueous systems remains crucial for environmental remediation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly UiO-66, show exceptional promise as adsorbents; however, they suffer from limited dye uptake capacity. This study addresses this limitation through strategic hybridization of UiO-66 with renewable carbohydrates (glucose and fructose), achieving enhanced performance while reducing costs. The optimized glucose/UiO-66 and fructose/UiO-66 composites demonstrated superior adsorption capacities compared to pristine UiO-66 across multiple dyes: methylene blue (76/69 mg/g), malachite green (73/67 mg/g), rhodamine B (50/59 mg/g), methyl orange (81/169 mg/g), and Congo red (99/198 mg/g). Adsorption efficiency correlated with dye molecular dimensions and the composite's phenolic hydroxyl content. Kinetic analysis revealed pseudo-second-order adsorption behavior dominated by chemisorption via electrostatic and π–π interactions. Notably, fructose-modified composites exhibited exceptional performance for anionic dyes (methyl orange and Congo red), suggesting charge-selective adsorption mechanisms. This work establishes carbohydrate-MOF hybridization as an effective strategy for designing multifunctional adsorbents, providing fundamental insights into structure-performance relationships for environmental applications.
摘要：
Efficient removal of uranium(VI) from radioactive wastewater is of critical importance for sustainable utilization of uranium resources and environmental protection against uranium contamination. In this work, we report a dual–function heterojunction of CdS/ZnO for visible light-driven photocatalysis assisted with adsorption, where CdS/ZnO-140 not only accelerates reaction kinetics but also enhances overall U(VI) removal efficiency by confining adsorbed U(VI) near catalytic sites. Furthermore, CdS/ZnO composites were prepared via a facile hydrothermal method, and the effects of hydrothermal temperature on U(VI) removal performance under visible light were systematically investigated. Compared with the pristine CdS and ZnO nanoparticles, the CdS/ZnO heterojunctions exhibit higher removal performances, attributed to the introduction of ZnO component that significantly improves both adsorption capacity and spatial separation efficiency of photo-generated electron-hole pairs. More importantly, different key factors including band gap, energy level, crystallinity, specific surface area, adsorption kinetics and radical generation amount were taken into account for structure–performance investigation of U(VI) photocatalytic removal. Notably, the CdS/ZnO-140 composite exhibits superior U(VI) removal efficiency, outperforming counterparts synthesized at 100 °C and 180 °C. The investigations reveal that the enhanced U(VI) removal activity of CdS/ZnO-140 could be correlated with the efficient charge separation and migration, carrier dynamics, and surface active sites. By elucidating the role of hydrothermal temperature in tuning carrier dynamics and surface reactivity, we provide insights for designing heterojunction photocatalysts with tailored adsorption and redox functionalities.
Efficient removal of uranium(VI) from radioactive wastewater is of critical importance for sustainable utilization of uranium resources and environmental protection against uranium contamination. In this work, we report a dual–function heterojunction of CdS/ZnO for visible light-driven photocatalysis assisted with adsorption, where CdS/ZnO-140 not only accelerates reaction kinetics but also enhances overall U(VI) removal efficiency by confining adsorbed U(VI) near catalytic sites. Furthermore, CdS/ZnO composites were prepared via a facile hydrothermal method, and the effects of hydrothermal temperature on U(VI) removal performance under visible light were systematically investigated. Compared with the pristine CdS and ZnO nanoparticles, the CdS/ZnO heterojunctions exhibit higher removal performances, attributed to the introduction of ZnO component that significantly improves both adsorption capacity and spatial separation efficiency of photo-generated electron-hole pairs. More importantly, different key factors including band gap, energy level, crystallinity, specific surface area, adsorption kinetics and radical generation amount were taken into account for structure–performance investigation of U(VI) photocatalytic removal. Notably, the CdS/ZnO-140 composite exhibits superior U(VI) removal efficiency, outperforming counterparts synthesized at 100 °C and 180 °C. The investigations reveal that the enhanced U(VI) removal activity of CdS/ZnO-140 could be correlated with the efficient charge separation and migration, carrier dynamics, and surface active sites. By elucidating the role of hydrothermal temperature in tuning carrier dynamics and surface reactivity, we provide insights for designing heterojunction photocatalysts with tailored adsorption and redox functionalities.
关键词：
Peroxydisulfate;Non-radical pathway;Electron transfer pathway;High stability
摘要：
The non-radical pathway has attracted extensive interest due to its unique advantages in persulfate activation. However, the conversion between non-radical pathways remains elusive. In this study, the nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon (NB-C) was synthesized from agroforestry waste by a simple co-pyrolysis method for activating peroxydisulfate (PDS) to degrade sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The results showed that nearly 100 % removal of SMX (20 mg/L) was achieved at a low catalyst dose (0.15 g L −1 ). Combining the results of quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance, in situ Raman spectroscopy, premixing experiments, and electrochemical analyses, a non-radical activation mechanism dominated by the electron transfer pathway (ETP) was identified. More importantly, we have quantified the oxidation contribution of various reactive oxygen species (ROS) to SMX degradation by steady-state concentration calculations. The experimental and characterization data indicated that the carbon structure of nitrogen-doped carbon (N-C) was altered with the introduction of boron (B), and the main active sites were replaced by pyrrolic N, sp 2 -C, and the new BC 3 site, thereby transforming the reaction pathway from 1 O 2 oxidation (44.43 %) into an almost complete ETP (92.34 %). Benefitting from the advantages of the ETP, the NB-C/PDS system maintains excellent adaptability in complex background water matrices and over a wide pH range (3−11). Moreover, unlike the N-C/PDS system based on 1 O 2 oxidation, the reusability of the NB-C/PDS system was significantly improved, which further emphasizes its practical application potential. Finally, three possible degradation pathways of SMX were proposed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the toxicity of the intermediates was evaluated.
The non-radical pathway has attracted extensive interest due to its unique advantages in persulfate activation. However, the conversion between non-radical pathways remains elusive. In this study, the nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon (NB-C) was synthesized from agroforestry waste by a simple co-pyrolysis method for activating peroxydisulfate (PDS) to degrade sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The results showed that nearly 100 % removal of SMX (20 mg/L) was achieved at a low catalyst dose (0.15 g L −1 ). Combining the results of quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance, in situ Raman spectroscopy, premixing experiments, and electrochemical analyses, a non-radical activation mechanism dominated by the electron transfer pathway (ETP) was identified. More importantly, we have quantified the oxidation contribution of various reactive oxygen species (ROS) to SMX degradation by steady-state concentration calculations. The experimental and characterization data indicated that the carbon structure of nitrogen-doped carbon (N-C) was altered with the introduction of boron (B), and the main active sites were replaced by pyrrolic N, sp 2 -C, and the new BC 3 site, thereby transforming the reaction pathway from 1 O 2 oxidation (44.43 %) into an almost complete ETP (92.34 %). Benefitting from the advantages of the ETP, the NB-C/PDS system maintains excellent adaptability in complex background water matrices and over a wide pH range (3−11). Moreover, unlike the N-C/PDS system based on 1 O 2 oxidation, the reusability of the NB-C/PDS system was significantly improved, which further emphasizes its practical application potential. Finally, three possible degradation pathways of SMX were proposed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the toxicity of the intermediates was evaluated.
通讯机构：
[Xiang, XA ] H;Hunan City Univ, Sch Municipal & Geomat Engn, Yiyang 413000, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Energy Efficiency;Exergy Efficiency;Dual Fluidized Bed;Gasification
摘要：
In the evaluation of energy conversion processes, EnE (Energy Efficiency) and ExE (exergy efficiency) are currently used as the main indicators. However, this paper contends that such evaluations are incomplete and proposes incorporating DEnEx (Difference Between Energy Efficiency and Exergy Efficiency). The DEnEx reflects the energy losses caused by irreversible processes within the system, revealing the extent to which the system deviates from its ideal state during operation. This paper provides a detailed analysis of EnE, ExE, and DEnEx using the dual fluidized bed as an example, leading to the following conclusions: (1) An increase in gasification temperature and the FC (Fixed Carbon) content of raw materials raises both EnE and ExE, while increases in S/C (steam to carbon ratio) and auxiliary fuel initially raise both EnE and ExE but eventually lead to a decline. (2) Altering gasification conditions and auxiliary fuel can improve both EnE and ExE, but may also increase DEnEx. If equipment optimization is guided by DEnEx, it could produce results that contradict EnE and ExE analysis. This discrepancy arises mainly because changes in conditions aimed at enhancing system efficiency do not account for variations in internal exergy losses. (3) The catalytic gasification method can simultaneously increase EnE and ExE while reducing DEnEx, demonstrating a more comprehensive optimization approach. Therefore, in optimizing the dual fluidized bed gasification process, the methods of altering operational conditions (gasification temperature, S/C, auxiliary fuel) are found to be imperfect and struggle to balance enhancing system efficiency with reducing irreversible losses. It is essential to change external conditions, such as utilizing raw materials with high FC content or adopting catalytic gasification, to achieve comprehensive optimization. Furthermore, in evaluating energy conversion processes, solely considering EnE and ExE is insufficient; incorporating DEnEx is necessary. Only by achieving simultaneous optimization of all three metrics can the best optimization solution be realized.
In the evaluation of energy conversion processes, EnE (Energy Efficiency) and ExE (exergy efficiency) are currently used as the main indicators. However, this paper contends that such evaluations are incomplete and proposes incorporating DEnEx (Difference Between Energy Efficiency and Exergy Efficiency). The DEnEx reflects the energy losses caused by irreversible processes within the system, revealing the extent to which the system deviates from its ideal state during operation. This paper provides a detailed analysis of EnE, ExE, and DEnEx using the dual fluidized bed as an example, leading to the following conclusions: (1) An increase in gasification temperature and the FC (Fixed Carbon) content of raw materials raises both EnE and ExE, while increases in S/C (steam to carbon ratio) and auxiliary fuel initially raise both EnE and ExE but eventually lead to a decline. (2) Altering gasification conditions and auxiliary fuel can improve both EnE and ExE, but may also increase DEnEx. If equipment optimization is guided by DEnEx, it could produce results that contradict EnE and ExE analysis. This discrepancy arises mainly because changes in conditions aimed at enhancing system efficiency do not account for variations in internal exergy losses. (3) The catalytic gasification method can simultaneously increase EnE and ExE while reducing DEnEx, demonstrating a more comprehensive optimization approach. Therefore, in optimizing the dual fluidized bed gasification process, the methods of altering operational conditions (gasification temperature, S/C, auxiliary fuel) are found to be imperfect and struggle to balance enhancing system efficiency with reducing irreversible losses. It is essential to change external conditions, such as utilizing raw materials with high FC content or adopting catalytic gasification, to achieve comprehensive optimization. Furthermore, in evaluating energy conversion processes, solely considering EnE and ExE is insufficient; incorporating DEnEx is necessary. Only by achieving simultaneous optimization of all three metrics can the best optimization solution be realized.
作者机构：
[Deng, Yumei; Wu, Yanting; Jia, Shunyao; Zhang, Wei; Li, Hao; Zhou, Tianyun; Li, Yuanping; Chi, Nianping; Luo, Wenqiang] Hunan City Univ, Sch Municipal & Geomat Engn, Yiyang 413000, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Chen, Yaoning] Hunan Univ, Coll Environm Sci & Engn, Changsha 410082, Peoples R China.;[Chen, Yaoning] Hunan Univ, Key Lab Environm Biol & Pollut Control, Minist Educ, Changsha 410082, Peoples R China.;[He, GuoWen] Hunan City Univ, Sch Mat & Chem Engn, Yiyang 413000, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Chen, YN ; Li, YP ; He, GW ] H;Hunan City Univ, Sch Municipal & Geomat Engn, Yiyang 413000, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Hunan Univ, Coll Environm Sci & Engn, Changsha 410082, Peoples R China.;Hunan City Univ, Sch Mat & Chem Engn, Yiyang 413000, Hunan, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Heavy metals (HMs) pose significant environmental risks due to their widespread presence. In particular, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) can accumulate in the human body through prolonged exposure or bioaccumulation via the food chain, presenting substantial threats to human health and ecosystems. This study developed a novel electrochemical sensing platform for simultaneous detection of trace Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ using a bare gold electrode modified with gold nanoclusters (GNPs-Au) through a potentiostatic method. Through systematic optimization of deposition parameters including 2 mmol per L HAuCl 4 , 0.2 V deposition potential, and 80 s deposition time, the modified electrode exhibited 7.2-fold increased surface area compared to the bare gold electrode, as confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and electrochemical characterization. The enhanced surface area provided abundant electrochemical reaction sites, significantly improving detection sensitivity. Under optimal detection conditions comprising pH 3.3, −4 V enrichment potential, and 390 s enrichment time, the modified electrode demonstrated linear responses for Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ in the range of 1–250 μg L −1 with a detection limit of 1 ng L −1 . The spike-recovery test yielded quantitative recoveries ranging from 90.86% to 113.47%. The interference experiment confirmed Cu 2+ has a significant effect on the measurement. Moreover, the method successfully detected Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ in real water samples, with results showing minor errors compared to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). These findings demonstrate the robust potential of GNPs-Au for trace heavy metal ion detection in environmental monitoring.
Heavy metals (HMs) pose significant environmental risks due to their widespread presence. In particular, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) can accumulate in the human body through prolonged exposure or bioaccumulation via the food chain, presenting substantial threats to human health and ecosystems. This study developed a novel electrochemical sensing platform for simultaneous detection of trace Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ using a bare gold electrode modified with gold nanoclusters (GNPs-Au) through a potentiostatic method. Through systematic optimization of deposition parameters including 2 mmol per L HAuCl 4 , 0.2 V deposition potential, and 80 s deposition time, the modified electrode exhibited 7.2-fold increased surface area compared to the bare gold electrode, as confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and electrochemical characterization. The enhanced surface area provided abundant electrochemical reaction sites, significantly improving detection sensitivity. Under optimal detection conditions comprising pH 3.3, −4 V enrichment potential, and 390 s enrichment time, the modified electrode demonstrated linear responses for Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ in the range of 1–250 μg L −1 with a detection limit of 1 ng L −1 . The spike-recovery test yielded quantitative recoveries ranging from 90.86% to 113.47%. The interference experiment confirmed Cu 2+ has a significant effect on the measurement. Moreover, the method successfully detected Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ in real water samples, with results showing minor errors compared to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). These findings demonstrate the robust potential of GNPs-Au for trace heavy metal ion detection in environmental monitoring.
摘要：
In this study, tin sulphide (SnS2) and nickel-chromium hydrotalcite (NiCr-LDH) complexes (SnS2/NiCr-LDH) were used for the simultaneous removal of U(VI) and humic acid (HA) from U(VI)-containing wastewater. The results showed that the adsorption of HA by the SnS2/NiCr-LDH was greatly enhanced, which was 4.07 and 2.94 times higher than that of pure SnS2 and NiCr-LDH, respectively, and the highest U(VI) adsorption quantity over SnS2/NiCr-LDH increased from 127.81 to 446.68 mg g(-1) when HA was present. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the enhanced U(VI) adsorption on SnS2/NiCr-LDH was facilitated by the formation of a robust inner-sphere surface complex between U(VI) and HA.
作者机构：
[Xia, Linming; Feng, Jiajun; Shi, Shenke; Wang, Hong; Bian, Jianzhong; Lu, Guoqiang] Huzhou Special Equipment Inspection Ctr, Huzhou 313000, Peoples R China.;[Xiang, Yanjiao; Xiang, Xianan; He, Chunhui] Hunan City Univ, Sch Municipal & Geomat Engn, Yiyang 413000, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Wang, H ] H;Huzhou Special Equipment Inspection Ctr, Huzhou 313000, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Biomass;Gasification;Greenhouse gas emission factor;Emission reduction potential
摘要：
As a renewable energy conversion technology, biomass gasification technology has potential emission reduction advantages, but its carbon emission characteristics and emission reduction potential require in-depth research. Existing studies lack systematic quantification of carbon emission reduction potential in biomass gasification or analysis of key parameters' influence. This study proposes a method for calculating CO 2 emission factors and reduction potential in biomass gasification, and applies it to experimental data from existing literature to reveal the impact of gasification technology, operating conditions, and raw material properties on CO 2 emissions and reduction potential. The research results show that increasing gasification temperature and ER generally leads to higher greenhouse gas emissions, but optimal values exist for emission reduction potential. The optimal temperature range is 900–1000 °C, and the optimal ER range is 0.27–0.39. The impact of S/C on emissions is minimal but positively influences reduction potential. Dual fluidized beds emit more than other furnace types. Air gasification reduces emissions, while steam gasification, although less effective in reducing emissions, enhances emission reduction potential. Increasing LHV and FC of raw materials reduces emissions, with higher FC further enhancing reduction potential. Moisture content near 9 % yields the highest reduction potential. The effect of particle size on emissions and reduction potential depends on furnace type. The CO 2 emission and reduction potential calculation method for biomass gasification developed in this study provides both an innovative analytical framework and practical guidance for optimizing low-carbon gasification systems in sustainable energy applications.
As a renewable energy conversion technology, biomass gasification technology has potential emission reduction advantages, but its carbon emission characteristics and emission reduction potential require in-depth research. Existing studies lack systematic quantification of carbon emission reduction potential in biomass gasification or analysis of key parameters' influence. This study proposes a method for calculating CO 2 emission factors and reduction potential in biomass gasification, and applies it to experimental data from existing literature to reveal the impact of gasification technology, operating conditions, and raw material properties on CO 2 emissions and reduction potential. The research results show that increasing gasification temperature and ER generally leads to higher greenhouse gas emissions, but optimal values exist for emission reduction potential. The optimal temperature range is 900–1000 °C, and the optimal ER range is 0.27–0.39. The impact of S/C on emissions is minimal but positively influences reduction potential. Dual fluidized beds emit more than other furnace types. Air gasification reduces emissions, while steam gasification, although less effective in reducing emissions, enhances emission reduction potential. Increasing LHV and FC of raw materials reduces emissions, with higher FC further enhancing reduction potential. Moisture content near 9 % yields the highest reduction potential. The effect of particle size on emissions and reduction potential depends on furnace type. The CO 2 emission and reduction potential calculation method for biomass gasification developed in this study provides both an innovative analytical framework and practical guidance for optimizing low-carbon gasification systems in sustainable energy applications.
摘要：
Agricultural waste composting could be useful for remediating soils contaminated by heavy metals (HMs). However, the mechanism of how straw degradation during composting affects HMs immobilization has not been deeply explored. This study intends to decipher the mechanisms underlying the effect of straw degradation and microbial activity on HMs immobilization with the help of the exogenous addition of laccase during composting. The results demonstrated that the exogenous laccase increased straw degradation and humic acid by 6.37 and 1.07 times, respectively, and reduced the bioavailable states of Pb and Cu by 7.18% and 20.57% respectively. Functional groups (alcohols, ethers, quinone, conjugated ketones, aromatic carbon skeleton, phenol in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) dominated the binding of HMs during straw degradation. The exogenous laccase promoted bacteria ( Bacillus , Lactobacillus , and Bifidobacterium ) adsorbing and binding HMs, while facilitating straw degradation and humus synthesis via enhancing amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, contributing to the HMs immobilization by increasing functional groups. This study offers comprehensive information into the mechanisms of HM immobilization by straw biodegradation during agricultural waste composting, contributing to the application of composting for remediating HM-contaminated soils.
Agricultural waste composting could be useful for remediating soils contaminated by heavy metals (HMs). However, the mechanism of how straw degradation during composting affects HMs immobilization has not been deeply explored. This study intends to decipher the mechanisms underlying the effect of straw degradation and microbial activity on HMs immobilization with the help of the exogenous addition of laccase during composting. The results demonstrated that the exogenous laccase increased straw degradation and humic acid by 6.37 and 1.07 times, respectively, and reduced the bioavailable states of Pb and Cu by 7.18% and 20.57% respectively. Functional groups (alcohols, ethers, quinone, conjugated ketones, aromatic carbon skeleton, phenol in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) dominated the binding of HMs during straw degradation. The exogenous laccase promoted bacteria ( Bacillus , Lactobacillus , and Bifidobacterium ) adsorbing and binding HMs, while facilitating straw degradation and humus synthesis via enhancing amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, contributing to the HMs immobilization by increasing functional groups. This study offers comprehensive information into the mechanisms of HM immobilization by straw biodegradation during agricultural waste composting, contributing to the application of composting for remediating HM-contaminated soils.
摘要：
Spinel oxide has attracted interest in wastewater treatment, owing to its visible light (VIS) adsorption properties and bimetallic synergism. However, owing to the inefficient separation of photogenerated carriers and poor redox property, there is an urgent need to develop appropriate modification strategies to address these bottlenecks. This study aimed to develop CuFe 2 O 4 /CuFeSx (CFO/CFSx) heterojunction with oxygen vacancies (OVs) via an in-situ structural modification to trigger the generation of more radicals with low oxidant consumption for the efficient degradation of refractory organics. This customized heterojunction improved the light-trapping ability and photoelectrons utilisation, promoting the reduction of metal valence by photoelectrons to enhance the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Meanwhile, OVs also provided more active sites to activate PMS to generate superoxide radicals (O 2 − ), which were further converted to hydroxyl radicals ( OH) to ensure considerable oxidation capability. Notably, Sulfur-mediated metal valence reduction boosted the cycle of Cu(I)/Cu(II) and Fe(II)/Fe(III), guaranteeing the regeneration of the active sites. Triple optimisation of the modified spinel oxide presented a striking oxidant utilisation efficiency with a substantial increase in the concentration of radicals. This study provides a simple and reliable reference for designing high-performance CuFe 2 O 4 (CFO) photocatalysts for environmental remediation.
Spinel oxide has attracted interest in wastewater treatment, owing to its visible light (VIS) adsorption properties and bimetallic synergism. However, owing to the inefficient separation of photogenerated carriers and poor redox property, there is an urgent need to develop appropriate modification strategies to address these bottlenecks. This study aimed to develop CuFe 2 O 4 /CuFeSx (CFO/CFSx) heterojunction with oxygen vacancies (OVs) via an in-situ structural modification to trigger the generation of more radicals with low oxidant consumption for the efficient degradation of refractory organics. This customized heterojunction improved the light-trapping ability and photoelectrons utilisation, promoting the reduction of metal valence by photoelectrons to enhance the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Meanwhile, OVs also provided more active sites to activate PMS to generate superoxide radicals (O 2 − ), which were further converted to hydroxyl radicals ( OH) to ensure considerable oxidation capability. Notably, Sulfur-mediated metal valence reduction boosted the cycle of Cu(I)/Cu(II) and Fe(II)/Fe(III), guaranteeing the regeneration of the active sites. Triple optimisation of the modified spinel oxide presented a striking oxidant utilisation efficiency with a substantial increase in the concentration of radicals. This study provides a simple and reliable reference for designing high-performance CuFe 2 O 4 (CFO) photocatalysts for environmental remediation.
摘要：
The variation in pollutant concentrations among different water bodies poses a significant challenge for environmental surveillance. Traditional UV-Vis spectrometers, with fixed optical paths, face limitations in accurately determining Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and other water quality parameters. High concentrations surpass the detection limit, while low concentrations yield weak response signals, thereby compromising measurement accuracy. This study tackles these challenges by enhancing a UV-Vis spectrometer with a variable optical path. By utilizing a right-angle reflector for reflection and a stepping motor for control, measurements are conducted within the wavelength range of 190–700 nm. The instrument incorporates a spectral fusion algorithm to optimize spectral measurements within its operational range. Furthermore, a Partial Least Squares (PLS) model has been established for COD inversion by using laboratory standard solutions and field samples. The spectrometer has been tested in the nearshore waters of Shenzhen Bay, China, validating its applicability and the model’s accuracy. The utilization of a variable optical path UV-Vis spectrometer facilitates the acquisition of precise monitoring data with wide measuring range, thereby enabling the prompt detection of anomalies and subsequent reduction in reaction time.
摘要：
The Fenton-like system and electric field assistance are two novel and efficient strategies to improve traditional composting. However, the coupling impacts of the Fenton-like system and electric field assistance on humification and greenhouse gas emissions in composting are rarely studied. Therefore, this study used an iron plate as the electrode material to construct a new electro-Fenton system by adding CaO 2 particles and evaluated the effects and potential mechanisms of this system on humification and greenhouse gas emissions in composting. The results showed that the electro-Fenton system not only effectively promoted more precursor substances to form humic substances by participating in the Maillard reaction, but also effectively enriched electroactive bacteria such as Bacillus , Geobacillus , and Klebsiella , which facilitated the humification by accelerating electron transfer. In addition, the electro-Fenton system effectively reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In summary, electro-Fenton is an effective strategy to improve humification and reduce greenhouse gas emissions during composting.
The Fenton-like system and electric field assistance are two novel and efficient strategies to improve traditional composting. However, the coupling impacts of the Fenton-like system and electric field assistance on humification and greenhouse gas emissions in composting are rarely studied. Therefore, this study used an iron plate as the electrode material to construct a new electro-Fenton system by adding CaO 2 particles and evaluated the effects and potential mechanisms of this system on humification and greenhouse gas emissions in composting. The results showed that the electro-Fenton system not only effectively promoted more precursor substances to form humic substances by participating in the Maillard reaction, but also effectively enriched electroactive bacteria such as Bacillus , Geobacillus , and Klebsiella , which facilitated the humification by accelerating electron transfer. In addition, the electro-Fenton system effectively reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In summary, electro-Fenton is an effective strategy to improve humification and reduce greenhouse gas emissions during composting.
期刊：
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,2025年159:111805 ISSN：0952-1976
通讯作者：
Xiang, XN
作者机构：
[Chen, Wenni; Li, Tao; Wang, Bo; Xiang, Xianan; Liu, Sha; Guo, Jun; He, Chunhui] Hunan City Univ, Sch Municipal & Geomat Engn, Yiyang 413000, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Zhou, Xuehua] Shanghai Maritime Univ, Sch Merchant Marine, Shanghai 201306, Peoples R China.;[Peng, Deyong] Chongqing Univ, Coll Energy & Power Engn, Chongqing 400044, Peoples R China.;[Deng, Zhiya] Univ Shanghai Sci & Technol, Sch Energy & Power Engn, Shanghai 200039, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Hong] Huzhou Special Equipment Inspect Ctr, Huzhou 313000, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Xiang, XN ] H;Hunan City Univ, Sch Municipal & Geomat Engn, Yiyang 413000, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Gasification;Exergy efficiency;Machine learning;Process optimization;Gradient boosting decision tree
摘要：
Organic solid waste (OSW) gasification is a critical pathway toward sustainable energy utilization. This study develops an integrated prediction model by combining exergy efficiency-based analytic hierarchy process-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (AHP-FCE) with machine learning techniques. The model aims to select the optimal gasifier type and operational parameters based on OSW characteristics and processing capacities. Exergy efficiency derived from experimental data is used to construct AHP-FCE scores, which are then predicted using eight machine learning algorithms. Gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) achieves the best performance. The prediction model is applied to three practical cases. For a project with an annual processing capacity of 2000 tons of refuse-derived fuel (RDF), the model consistently recommends the downdraft fixed-bed gasifier (DBG). In a corn straw gasification project processing 11,000 tons per year, the bubbling fluidized-bed gasifier (BBG) is identified as the optimal choice. For a bamboo chip gasification project with an annual capacity of 150,000 tons, the model suggests using the circulating fluidized-bed gasifier (CFBG) for reduction objectives and the dual fluidized-bed gasifier (DFBG) for hydrogen production goals. Additionally, the model shows significant potential. It can also be applied to optimize other complex systems that require balancing multiple influencing factors.
Organic solid waste (OSW) gasification is a critical pathway toward sustainable energy utilization. This study develops an integrated prediction model by combining exergy efficiency-based analytic hierarchy process-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (AHP-FCE) with machine learning techniques. The model aims to select the optimal gasifier type and operational parameters based on OSW characteristics and processing capacities. Exergy efficiency derived from experimental data is used to construct AHP-FCE scores, which are then predicted using eight machine learning algorithms. Gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) achieves the best performance. The prediction model is applied to three practical cases. For a project with an annual processing capacity of 2000 tons of refuse-derived fuel (RDF), the model consistently recommends the downdraft fixed-bed gasifier (DBG). In a corn straw gasification project processing 11,000 tons per year, the bubbling fluidized-bed gasifier (BBG) is identified as the optimal choice. For a bamboo chip gasification project with an annual capacity of 150,000 tons, the model suggests using the circulating fluidized-bed gasifier (CFBG) for reduction objectives and the dual fluidized-bed gasifier (DFBG) for hydrogen production goals. Additionally, the model shows significant potential. It can also be applied to optimize other complex systems that require balancing multiple influencing factors.
摘要：
Tunning facet strategy has been a fundamental method for enhancing photocatalytic activity by manipulating electrons and hole separation. Herein, three morphological-dependent CdS catalysts are employed for uranium(VI)-containing wastewater photoreduction. The apparent rates of U(VI) photocatalytic reduction ( k obs , U(VI) ) follow the order of CdS nanorod (CdS-Rod, 0.3710 min −1 ) > leaf-like CdS (CdS-Leaf, 0.0394 min −1 ) > sphere-like CdS (CdS-Sphere, 0.0273 min −1 ). Among them, CdS nanorods (CdS-Rod) achieved over 99 % uranium(VI) removal within 15 min at an initial U(VI) concentration of 30 mg L −1 . As explored by band structure analysis and EPR combine with quenching experiments, the more negative conduction positions of CdS-Rod led to more formation of O 2 – due to stronger reducibility of electron than CdS-Leaf and CdS-Sphere. Improved separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers further led to increased electron and O 2 – generation, which are decisive species for photocatalytic reduction of uranium(VI). Besides, variations in intrinsic photoactivity were analyzed taking into consideration the changes in the specific surface area, crystallinity, exposed facet ratio, and light absorption ability of CdS catalysts. Benefiting from the higher exposure content of the {1 0 0} facet and the facet ratio of {1 0 0}/{0 0 1}, the CdS-Leaf catalysts exhibits a highest surface area normalized rate. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations subsequently confirmed that the {1 0 0} crystal facet of CdS is more conducive to uranyl ions adsorption than {0 0 1} facet due to more unsaturated three-coordinate S atoms in CdS {1 0 0} model. This work unveils the role of morphology in affecting photoexcited carrier dynamic, highlighting opportunities for remediating U(VI)-containing radioactive wastewater.
Tunning facet strategy has been a fundamental method for enhancing photocatalytic activity by manipulating electrons and hole separation. Herein, three morphological-dependent CdS catalysts are employed for uranium(VI)-containing wastewater photoreduction. The apparent rates of U(VI) photocatalytic reduction ( k obs , U(VI) ) follow the order of CdS nanorod (CdS-Rod, 0.3710 min −1 ) > leaf-like CdS (CdS-Leaf, 0.0394 min −1 ) > sphere-like CdS (CdS-Sphere, 0.0273 min −1 ). Among them, CdS nanorods (CdS-Rod) achieved over 99 % uranium(VI) removal within 15 min at an initial U(VI) concentration of 30 mg L −1 . As explored by band structure analysis and EPR combine with quenching experiments, the more negative conduction positions of CdS-Rod led to more formation of O 2 – due to stronger reducibility of electron than CdS-Leaf and CdS-Sphere. Improved separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers further led to increased electron and O 2 – generation, which are decisive species for photocatalytic reduction of uranium(VI). Besides, variations in intrinsic photoactivity were analyzed taking into consideration the changes in the specific surface area, crystallinity, exposed facet ratio, and light absorption ability of CdS catalysts. Benefiting from the higher exposure content of the {1 0 0} facet and the facet ratio of {1 0 0}/{0 0 1}, the CdS-Leaf catalysts exhibits a highest surface area normalized rate. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations subsequently confirmed that the {1 0 0} crystal facet of CdS is more conducive to uranyl ions adsorption than {0 0 1} facet due to more unsaturated three-coordinate S atoms in CdS {1 0 0} model. This work unveils the role of morphology in affecting photoexcited carrier dynamic, highlighting opportunities for remediating U(VI)-containing radioactive wastewater.
摘要：
This study developed recyclable magnetic layered double oxide beads (Mag-LDO) for composting with heavy metal-contaminated soil and agricultural waste, aiming to reduce heavy metals (HMs) concentration and bioavailable forms, enhance humification, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Results showed that a 5% addition of Mag-LDO increased humic acid (HA) formation by 16.02% and significantly reduced total Cd and Pb by 18.38% and 21.93%, respectively, compared to the control group. Moreover, it effectively reduced BF-Cd and BF-Pb by 16.31% and 10.37%, respectively. These results demonstrated its potential for enhancing humification and remediating HM-contaminated soil. The analysis of microbial community and Mantel-test showed that Mag-LDO facilitated the formation of HA mainly by modulating the microbial community. Meantime, Mag-LDO not only adsorbed Pb and Cd via ion exchange and precipitation processes to reduce the mobile forms of these metals, but also enhanced the stabilized state of HMs through increasing HA in compost and proliferating Bacillus and Pseudomonas . Furthermore, recovering the Mag-LDO adsorbed HMs could decrease the total HM content in the compost. These findings contribute to advancing new perspectives for the HMs removal and the promotion of humification during composting.
This study developed recyclable magnetic layered double oxide beads (Mag-LDO) for composting with heavy metal-contaminated soil and agricultural waste, aiming to reduce heavy metals (HMs) concentration and bioavailable forms, enhance humification, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Results showed that a 5% addition of Mag-LDO increased humic acid (HA) formation by 16.02% and significantly reduced total Cd and Pb by 18.38% and 21.93%, respectively, compared to the control group. Moreover, it effectively reduced BF-Cd and BF-Pb by 16.31% and 10.37%, respectively. These results demonstrated its potential for enhancing humification and remediating HM-contaminated soil. The analysis of microbial community and Mantel-test showed that Mag-LDO facilitated the formation of HA mainly by modulating the microbial community. Meantime, Mag-LDO not only adsorbed Pb and Cd via ion exchange and precipitation processes to reduce the mobile forms of these metals, but also enhanced the stabilized state of HMs through increasing HA in compost and proliferating Bacillus and Pseudomonas . Furthermore, recovering the Mag-LDO adsorbed HMs could decrease the total HM content in the compost. These findings contribute to advancing new perspectives for the HMs removal and the promotion of humification during composting.
期刊：
Science of The Total Environment,2025年959:178236 ISSN：0048-9697
通讯作者：
Yaoning Chen<&wdkj&>Guangming Zeng
作者机构：
[Yi, Zhigang; Wang, Qianruyu; Luo, Mengwei; Wang, Jun; Jiang, Hongjuan; Chen, Li; Nie, Yaoqin] College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China;[Chen, Yaoning] College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China. Electronic address: cyn@hnu.edu.cn;[Li, Yuanping] School of Municipal and Geomatics Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, Hunan 413000, China. Electronic address: yuanpingli@hncu.edu.cn;[Wu, Yanting; Zhang, Wei] School of Municipal and Geomatics Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, Hunan 413000, China;[Zeng, Guangming] College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China. Electronic address: zgming@hnu.edu.cn
通讯机构：
[Yaoning Chen; Guangming Zeng] C;College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
摘要：
This study aimed to enhance humification and cadmium (Cd) remediation in compost by investigating the effects of three post-treatments: ultrapure water, citric acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA). The results revealed that the EDTA post-treatment significantly enhanced humification by facilitating an EDTA-Fenton-like system within compost comprising rice straw and river sediment to remediate Cd-contaminated sediment. EDTA post-treatment not only promoted humic substances and humic acid concentrations of up to 66.30 g/kg and 30.40 g/kg, respectively, but also led to a reduction in the Cd content and bioavailability factor by 75.02 % and 9.76 %, respectively. In addition, parallel factor analysis revealed two distinct components, while two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy showed that the polysaccharides and carboxyl groups in humic acid were preferentially bound to Cd. Overall, this study proposes a promising approach for enhancing humification and Cd remediation in compost by the EDTA post-treatment.
This study aimed to enhance humification and cadmium (Cd) remediation in compost by investigating the effects of three post-treatments: ultrapure water, citric acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA). The results revealed that the EDTA post-treatment significantly enhanced humification by facilitating an EDTA-Fenton-like system within compost comprising rice straw and river sediment to remediate Cd-contaminated sediment. EDTA post-treatment not only promoted humic substances and humic acid concentrations of up to 66.30 g/kg and 30.40 g/kg, respectively, but also led to a reduction in the Cd content and bioavailability factor by 75.02 % and 9.76 %, respectively. In addition, parallel factor analysis revealed two distinct components, while two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy showed that the polysaccharides and carboxyl groups in humic acid were preferentially bound to Cd. Overall, this study proposes a promising approach for enhancing humification and Cd remediation in compost by the EDTA post-treatment.
