External beam-column joints are generally recognized as critical components in ductile steel frame structures. The incorporation of minimally invasive and easily replaceable knee braces offers an effective retrofitting solution. This study investigates the feasibility of enhancing the seismic behavior of external beam-column joints in steel structures through the utilization of knee braces. The mechanical behavior of knee-braced retrofitted joints was analyzed to derive expressions for internal forces in the beam, column, and joint connection c...
